This blog was written by Dr Catherine Jere, Lecturer in Education and International Development at the School of International Development, University of East Anglia, and member of the UKFIET Executive Committee. It was originally posted on the Advancing Learning and Innovation in Gender Norms (ALiGN) website on 13th March 2019.

A new ALIGN policy brief, ‘Learning about norm change in girls’ education in low- and middle-income contexts’[i], outlining evidence from the DFID Girls’ Education Challenge (GEC) fund argues that norm change may be difficult and time-consuming, but engaging with communities, teachers and young people can ease the impact of discriminatory gender norms and improve learning among marginalised girls in low- and middle-income countries.

Gender norms affect girls in many ways, and often limit their ability to enrol, attend and do well in school. These norms – and associated discriminatory practices – are among the greatest barriers to gender equality in education in low- and middle-income countries.

This desk-based study of 21 GEC projects carried out by Coffey International Development identifies inter-related constraints on girls’ education outcomes that are rooted in long-established gender norms. Girls’ education was undervalued in many of the projects’ target communities, and seen as inappropriate or incompatible with their future roles as wives and mothers. In the Afar region of Ethiopia, for example, marriage is seen as a way to maintain clanship and family ties, with pregnancy outside marriage viewed as shameful for the entire extended family. Parental fears about girls getting pregnant means that girls are kept out of school after puberty and are married young.

Even if they are enrolled in school, gendered household responsibilities, care-giving and work outside the home all present barriers to their attendance and learning. Girls in poor, rural settings are often responsible for fetching water or firewood, and these time-consuming activities severely limit their opportunities to attend school or study. In countries such as Afghanistan, Somalia and South Sudan, conflict and extreme poverty exacerbate parents’ reluctance to send their girls to school.

Within schools, teacher bias, harassment and gender-based violence, combined with a ‘hidden curriculum’ that undermines their place in the classroom, only add to the constraints on their full and equitable participation in education. Girls were reported to feel uncomfortable speaking up in front of boys and male teachers, for example. This lack of confidence, poor motivation and low aspirations reflect and reinforce negative stereotypes of girls’ learning.

What works?

 

Working with traditional leaders has been an effective strategy for several projects. It seems that the buy-in of powerful community members helps to promote girls’ education and influence attitudes around what is appropriate for girls.

A focus on community dialogue can also have important knock-on effects for equitable learning. The Link Community Development Ethiopia (LCDE) project reported a reduction in teachers who prioritised boys’ learning over girls’ – a reduction attributed largely to female teachers in project schools who benefited from wider norm change in communities.

The creation of girls’ clubs has made it easier for girls to talk about their problems, especially around pregnancy, marriage or abuse. In Kenya and South Sudan, older women counselled girls on marriage and pregnancy, and followed up with absentee girls to encourage them to return to school.

Engaging role models and mentors, such as female teachers and community mobilisers, has helped to change perceptions of what girls can do and achieve, and improve their own motivation and aspirations. In Afghanistan and Nepal, peer mentoring and academic support gave marginalised girls the confidence to ask questions in class, including in front of boys. Evaluations reported significant improvements in numeracy and literacy for girls with mentors.

Teachers play a central role in tackling gender norms in schools. During the Discovery project in Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria, training in gender-sensitive methods resulted in teachers not only starting to use gender-equitable language and learning materials, but also assigning classroom duties equally to boys and girls. These changes in teacher behaviour and classroom practices were, in turn, associated with higher learning scores for girls.

Gender norms are slow to change, so continued reinforcement is key

Without follow-up or refresher activities, changes tended to be undone over time. One of the projects operating in Tanzania (BRAC) reported that life skills education led to a change in mindset regarding women’s responsibilities at first, but by the end of the project, girls were again more likely to believe that women should be in charge of childcare and household chores.

A coordinated, multi-layered approach works best

The ALIGN policy brief outlines recommendations for projects working to change gender norms around girls’ education.

  • Seek buy-in from multiple stakeholders at all levels and across communities, schools and peer groups.
  • Identify and map out how contextual factors, such as conflict and economic shocks, interact with gender norms, and consider their implications for the education for girls (and boys) of all ages.
  • Engage, train and support teachers to understand how discriminatory gender norms and attitudes are reproduced in classrooms, and to adopt gender-sensitive teaching methods.
  • Strengthen school-based factors that enable learning and gender norm change, including positive leadership, ongoing teacher education, improved quality of school facilities and materials, and recourse to safe and supportive learning environments.

 

[i] The Briefing Paper was written by Sophie Amili and Isabella Di Paolo, and peer-reviewed by Dr Catherine Jere. Sophie and Isabella are Consultants working in Coffey International Development Europe’s Evaluation and Research Practice. The Practice comprises of 30 specialists who design and deliver high-quality research and evaluation studies for a range of public and private clients. For more information, contact Sophie Amili on sophie.amili@coffey.com, or visit www.coffeyeurope.com.